terça-feira, 19 de maio de 2020

Structure Part I: The Basics

 

Today we are going to go through Structures from defining structures to using structures.
Structures are just a collection of different types under one roof (you can even put one type only!). So that means they give you flexibility of grouping different data types (like int, char, or even char[]) under one name.
So let us start with obviously defining a Structure. In `C` we declare a structure as simply as this:-
struct dob {
    int day;
    int month;
    int year;};
1: In the above code segment struct is a keyword which defines structure.
2: Followed by struct keyword (dob) is the name of our structure.
3: Elements of struct are defined inside braces '{}' as we did (int day; etc).
4: After ending brace we place a terminator ';' to end the declaration.
So now you know how to define a structure but how to create its instances now?
To create a variable of our structure we just need to do this:
struct dob date;
This now declares date as a structure variable of type dob.
1: Here 'struct dob' is our above declared structure.
2: date is a variable of type dob.
So ok we have a structure and a variable of that type but how can i access its parts?
well we can access it and assign it so simply like this:-
date.day = 19;date.month = 10;date.year  = 1990;
Note here we use the dot (.) operator to access the fields (parts) of our structure.
ok everything looks nice so for but how in the world can i read data into this structure variable? Again no worries its again simple:-
scanf("%d", &date.day);scanf("%d", &date.month);
that was pretty easy but I was wondering how can i print its data?
Just do it like this:-
printf("Day: %d", date.day);printf("Month: %d",date.month);printf("Year: %d", date.year);
Again remember we use dot (.) operator to access members of a structure.
So we now know how to define and declare a structure, how to access its members, how to read data in it, and how to print data of a structure. Oh that was a tough job..!
Now let us put it together in a single C Program.
/***********************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
struct dob {
   int day;
   int month;
   int year;
};
int main(void) {
  struct dob date;
  date.day = 19;
  date.month = 10;
  date.year = 1990;
  printf("Day is : %d, Month is: %d, and Year is %d\n",
           date.day,date.month, date.year);
  printf("Enter Day, Month, and Year separated by spaces: ");
  scanf("%d %d %d", &date.day,&date.month,&date.year);
  printf("Your entered Date is: %d/%d/%d",
  date.day,date.month,date.year);
  return 0;
}
Output:
Day is : 19, Month is: 10, and Year is 1990
Enter Day, Month, and Year separated by spaces: 1 1 2014
Your entered Date is: 1/1/2014

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ADVANTAGE OF ETHICAL HACKING

Advantage of Ethical Hacking

Hacking is quite useful in the following purpose-

1-To recover lost information, especially in case you lost your password.

2-To perform penetration testing to strengthen computer and network security.

3-To put adequate preventative measure in place to prevent security breaches.

4-To have a computer system that prevents malicious hackers from gaining access.

5-Fighting against terrorism and national security breaches.


More info
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10 Best Wifi Hacking Android Apps To Hack Others Wifi (Without Root)

 Top 10 Best wifi hacking apps to hack wifi^s.   

Today, a smartphone without internet is like a decade ago featured phone which is mainly used to dial and receive the call. No one would even want such a phone today. The Internet is now a necessity for every mobile user. They can't live without the internet and unfortunately; if the Internet is not working due to some signal issues; they get frustrated and sometimes depressed too.


Generally, we need to pay for the Internet subscription package to run mobile data on our smartphone. But what to do if I don't want to spend money on the Internet? The solution is to connect your mobile with WiFi. You can access the internet from there. Easy, right? NO, it's not easy until you know the password of WiFi. But what if you don't know.

Two ways possible in this situation

  1. Either you ask for the password to the owner; he will provide you to use his internet through Wi-Fi
  2. You have to hack the Wi-Fi password of other's network and use the internet as an unauthorized person.

First is not reliable when you don't know the person so, you only have a second option. Today, I am going to share a few apps that help you steal the password and allow you to use the internet from others' account.

1. WiFi WPS WPA Tester

This is the foremost tool to hack the WiFi password without knowing even the root. This is a preferred choice of numerous smartphone users to decipher the pin and get access to the Wi-Fi. As time passes, a tool is upgraded and now even hack the WiFi networks while it was used to check if an access point is highly vulnerable to the rancorous attacks or not.

If you are using Lollipop or above version on your android mobile phone; you don't even need to root your device to crack a WiFi network.

Android App

Pros

  • Easy to use
  • Free
  • Decrypt the password in no time.
  • Implementation of several algos like Zhao, Arris, Dlink and more.

Cons

  • Need root access if you are using the version below Lollipop.

2. WPS Connect

Routers which has enabled a WPS protocol can be hacked with this app. The important thing is that almost all routers found in public places and homes fall under this category. In short, you will have what you want. Moreover, you can focus on your router & examine that it's vulnerable to any malicious attack or not. It helps you hack the WiFi password without root and also strengthen your WiFi network.

Once you identify the vulnerable (accessible) network, you can quickly get the password and start using the internet without any hassle. It uses algorithms like easyboxPIN and Zhao. Although, this app is not compatible with various Android phones as it is tested on Android devices like the Galaxy series, Nexus and more.

Android App

Pros

  • It's free and easy to use
  • Powerful algorithms (Zhao & easyboxPin) to crack the password
  • Supports pinning of Wi-Fi routers

Cons

  • Incompatible with few android devices
  • Couldn't identify the network automatically.

3. WiFi WPS WPA Tester Premium

This is an excellent app to decrypt the WiFi network password on your android phone. This works fine on rooted & non-rooted android phones. If you can root the Android device; you can have a better chance to hack into. Today,  security is the primary concern and so, many people use the highly secured wireless router, I think. For such networks, this app will not work as it should be. But, still it can work for numerous times with the help of WPS; not all the time. Every time, you have to try your luck to get access to other's WiFi network. This WPS WPA tester is a premium apk.

Android App

Pros

  • Works for both rooted and non-rooted android devices
  • Find the nearby network and connect your mobile with it.

Cons

  • It's a premium apk.
  • You have to try your luck to get access to the nearby network.
  • Not good to connect with highly secured wireless routers.

4. AndroDumpper Wifi (WPS Connect) – Discontinued

If you want to connect to a router which is WPS enabled; download this app immediately without going down to browse for other apps. Just open the app, start its interface & find the nearby wireless networks, you want to connect with. The app will provide an excellent option to regain the password of a selected network with & without root. Once you implemented the algorithm; it will display the password in app screen & connect to the network. Isn't it easy for you?

Android App

Pros

  • It's Free on Google Play Store
  • Easy to use and faster than some other tool.
  • Works fine for rooted & non-rooted devices
  • A dedicated blog is available for the tool (Get guidance anytime)
  • Supports for giant company routers (Vodaphone, Asus, Huawei, Dlink, etc.)

Cons

  • Rooting is required if you are using a version below android 5.0
  • Works only for WPS enabled routers.

5. Wi-fi Password Hacker Prank

Wifi Password hacker prank is a free app for the android users and can help you to connect your android phone to wifi networks available nearby. This free app simulates a process of hacking the wireless network with your smartphone. With this app, you can hack all wifi network passwords with just one key. The Prank word itself says it's a funny app used to prank with your friends. Sometimes, girls can be impressed with this prank as well. But try this at your own risk. Look excellent and professional in front of your friends and colleagues.

Steps to Hack Wifi using the Wifi Password Hacker Prank:

  • Catch up the wireless networks near to you and then select the secure network you wish to hack.
  • Wait for a while & a dialogue will be opened with the wifi password.
  • Bingo! Paste the password and start using others' Internet without spending single money.
  • Watch your favourite show and movie in High-Definition quality without worrying about your mobile data.
Android App

6. WiFi Warden

WiFi Warden is one of the finest and free android WiFi hacking apps to get access to others WiFi with ease. With WiFi Warden, a user can Analyze the WiFi networks, connect to your WiFi using the passphrase and WPS and view saved WiFi passwords without root.

By analyzing the WiFi networks, you can see all necessary information that can be discovered on the wireless networks around including BSSID, SSID, Channel bandwidth, encryption, security, router manufacturer, distance and channel number, etc.

Android App

Pros

  • Find the less crowded channel to get WiFi access.
  • You can root your device on all Android versions.
  • Easy to use and connect with the router quickly.
  • All features of this app are available for free.

Cons

  • This app doesn't work on all types of router, use a passphrase instead.
  • Access Point (AP) must have enabled WPS.
  • Require Android version 6 (Marshmallow) or higher version is necessary to display Wi-Fi networks around you.
  • Some of the features are in the testing phase. So, use it your own risk.

7. WiFi Password

'WiFi Password' is a completely free app for those who don't want to get away from the Internet even when their internet data is running out. You can connect with others' WiFi routers and use their Internet.

If you are using Android Version 5 or above; 'WiFi Password' can be the right choice for you to watch your favorite shows on YouTube in HD without even worrying about Mobile Data.

Android App

Pros:

  • Millions of WiFi Hotspots
  • Scan and detect the WiFi security
  • Connect WiFi Hotspot nearby without knowing the WiFi Password
  • You can simply add a free WiFi Hotspot by sharing the passwords with others.

Cons :

  • Still, there are some glitches in it but works well.

8. WiFi Kill Pro

WiFi Kill is one the best WiFi network controller application which can disable the Internet connection of others who are connected to the same network. Yes, this is true. It is a useful tool for internet users who want to improve their data speed by disabling other's internet connection and allocate all the bandwidth to your device only.

Currently, this app is only for Android users and needs root access to perform well.

Android App

Pros


    • You can see all connected device on the same network you are connected.

    • Display the data transfer rate of all devices

    • Monitor network activity

    • You can cut the network connection of any connected device.
  • It works well on tablets too.

Cons


    • Require root access
  • Require Android version 4.0.3 or up to use this app.

9. Penetrate Pro

A popular Wifi hacker app for android users, Penetrate pro is free and works well on Android devices. This app is widely used to find WEP and/or WPA keys to connect the devices with network routers without knowing the wifi password. Just install the app and search for the network; this app starts automatically displaying the WEP/WPA keys on the screen. Tap on the network you want to connect; one it gets connected; you can start watching videos on YouTube. Quite interesting, doesn't it?

Android App

Pros


    • Easy to search nearby free wifi networks.

    • Connect the network without knowing keys
  • Available for Free

Cons


    • Not available on Google Play Store; need to download manually.
  • Works well only for the rooted android devices

So, you have got the list of apps that help you use the internet from other's wireless network without getting caught. If you have any idea of any other Wi-Fi password hacking app; just let me know. We would love to discuss it here.

Disclaimer: VR Bonkers is not responsible for any consequences if you face while using any of the above apps. This is just a list and we are not taking any responsibility for the same. So, use them at your risk.


@EVERYTHING NT

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Amnesia / Radiation Linux Botnet Targeting Remote Code Execution In CCTV DVR Samples


Reference
Amnesia / Radiation botnet samples targeting Remote Code Execution in CCTV DVR 







Download

             Other malware







Hashes


MD5SHA256SHA1
74bf554c4bc30d172cf1d73ac553d76606d30ba7c96dcaa87ac584c59748708205e813a4dffa7568c1befa52ae5f03743c40221177383da576b11a0b3f6b35d68a9cde74
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59e08f2ce1c3e55e2493baf36c1ad3c6327f24121d25ca818cf8414c1cc704c3004ae63a65a9128e283d64be03cdd42e90d45b81e9a97ddcc9911122f4e8fd439ccc8fa9
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614ea66b907314398cc14b3d2fdebe796b29b65c3886b6734df788cfc6628fbee4ce8921e3c0e8fc017e4dea2da0fd0bc7e71c42d391f9c69375505dbf3767ba967f9103
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9b7f5a1228fa66cbd35e75fb774fdc8e9c7a5239601a361b67b1aa3f19b462fd894402846f635550a1d63bee75eab0a2ae89bc6c5cc1818b3136a40961462327c3dececc
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642f523bb46c2e901416047dca1c5d4ead65c9937a376d9a53168e197d142eb27f04409432c387920c2ecfd7a0b941c8bbf667213a446bc9bc4a5a2e54e7391752e3a9b8
c617655312c573ecb01d292b320fff2eaeb480cf01696b7563580b77605558f9474c34d323b05e5e47bf43ff16b67d6ade102a6f35e08f18aa0c58358f5b22871eb0a45f
c8835a3d385162ae02bd4cb6c5ebac87b113ec41cc2fd9be9ac712410b9fd3854d7d5ad2dcaac33af2701102382d5815831eb9cf0dcd57a879c04830e54a3b85fe5d6229
1497740fa8920e4af6aa981a5b405937b13014435108b34bb7cbcef75c4ef00429b440a2adf22976c31a1645af5312528d6b90f0b88b1ad5dcc87d377e6a82dc6ac64211
5e925e315ff7a69c2f2cf1556423d5afb3d0d0e2144bd1ddd27843ef65a2fce382f6d590a8fee286fda49f807471154564fe900b3a2b030c28211404afa45703c6869dea
951ec487fb3fece58234677d7fe3e4dcbdefa773e3f09cdc409f03a09a3982f917a0cc656b306f0ece3dd1a2564a87720b03d9471522590530dd90ad30b2d235ec98b578
3e84998197fc25cbac57870e3cdeb2dec03b403d5de9778a2ec5949d869281f13976c2fc5b071e0f5f54277680c809020b9eb6d931dc6b226a913e89bb422f58228de0d0
c3a73d24df62057e299b6af183889e6bcb2382b818993ef6b8c738618cc74a39ecab243302e13fdddb02943d5ba794836a683ef6f7653e5ee64969cbbbe4403601ae9ded
d428f50a0f8cd57b0d8fe818ace6af20ce61dcfc3419ddef25e61b6d30da643a1213aa725d579221f7c2edef40ca2db39bd832256b94e43546dfb77532f6d70fcd1ce874
e1d6d4564b35bb19d2b85ca620d7b8f2d0bda184dfa31018fe999dfd9e1f99ca0ef502296c2cccf454dde30e5d3a9df9c1af00d3263893b5d23dbf38015fe3c6a92cefaf
e9502ae7b0048b9ea25dd7537818904ce7d6b3e1fba8cdf2f490031e8eb24cd515a30808cdd4aa15c2a41aa0016f80820e080ac0130ab3f7265df01b8397e4abd13c38cb
8eb34e1fb7dd9d9f0e1fef2803812759eb54dc959b3cc03fbd285cef9300c3cd2b7fe86b4adeb5ca7b098f90abb55b8a5310a99f0f8c92bfa2f8da87e60c645f2cae305a
ca0fc25ce066498031dc4ca3f72de4b8f23fecbb7386a2aa096819d857a48b853095a86c011d454da1fb8e862f2b45837f4d97eea294fc567b058b09cc915be56c2a80e1
5a2fcfff8d6aab9a0abe9ca97f6093edf6af2fa4f987df773d37d9bb44841a720817ce3817dbf1e983650b5af9295a16f4ddf49fbf23edb23f50be62637a4a688e352057
ed98e8fa385b39ca274e0de17b1007e6f7a737cb73802d54f7758afe4f9d0a7d2ea7fda4240904c0a79abae732605729a69d4c2b88bfe3a06245f8fbfb8abe5e9a894cec
320db5f1230fcfe0672c8515eb9ddcfcf7cf1e0d7756d1874630d0d697c3b0f3df0632500cff1845b6308b11059deb078d40dbf34a02dd43a81e5cdc58a0b11bfa9f5663
18d6af9211d0477f9251cf9524f898f3f97848514b63e9d655a5d554e62f9e102eb477c5767638eeec9efd5c6ad443d8b0e76be186fd609d5a8a33d59d16ffa3bdab1573

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OWASP API Security Project Media Coverage



A list of must read articles on OWASP API Security Project: 

Continue reading


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Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 6: File Inclusion

In this article we are going to go through File Inclusion Vulnerability. Wikipedia defines File Inclusion Vulnerability as: "A file inclusion vulnerability is a type of web vulnerability that is most commonly found to affect web applications that rely on a scripting run time. This issue is caused when an application builds a path to executable code using an attacker-controlled variable in a way that allows the attacker to control which file is executed at run time. A file include vulnerability is distinct from a generic directory traversal attack, in that directory traversal is a way of gaining unauthorized file system access, and a file inclusion vulnerability subverts how an application loads code for execution. Successful exploitation of a file inclusion vulnerability will result in remote code execution on the web server that runs the affected web application."
There are two types of File Inclusion Vulnerabilities, LFI (Local File Inclusion) and RFI (Remote File Inclusion). Offensive Security's Metasploit Unleashed guide describes LFI and RFI as:
"LFI vulnerabilities allow an attacker to read (and sometimes execute) files on the victim machine. This can be very dangerous because if the web server is misconfigured and running with high privileges, the attacker may gain access to sensitive information. If the attacker is able to place code on the web server through other means, then they may be able to execute arbitrary commands.
RFI vulnerabilities are easier to exploit but less common. Instead of accessing a file on the local machine, the attacker is able to execute code hosted on their own machine."
In simpler terms LFI allows us to use the web application's execution engine (say php) to execute local files on the web server and RFI allows us to execute remote files, within the context of the target web server, which can be hosted anywhere remotely (given they can be accessed from the network on which web server is running).
To follow along, click on the File Inclusion navigation link of DVWA, you should see a page like this:
Lets start by doing an LFI attack on the web application.
Looking at the URL of the web application we can see a parameter named page which is used to load different php pages on the website.
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/fi/?page=include.php
Since it is loading different pages we can guess that it is loading local pages from the server and executing them. Lets try to get the famous /etc/passwd file found on every linux, to do that we have to find a way to access it via our LFI. We will start with this:
../etc/passwd
entering the above payload in the page parameter of the URL:
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/fi/?page=../etc/passwd
we get nothing back which means the page does not exist. Lets try to understand what we are trying to accomplish. We are asking for a file named passwd in a directory named etc which is one directory up from our current working directory. The etc directory lies at the root (/) of a linux file system. We tried to guess that we are in a directory (say www) which also lies at the root of the file system, that's why we tried to go up by one directory and then move to the etc directory which contains the passwd file. Our next guess will be that maybe we are two directories deeper, so we modify our payload to be like this:
../../etc/passwd
we get nothing back. We continue to modify our payload thinking we are one more directory deeper.
../../../etc/passwd
no luck again, lets try one more:
../../../../etc/passwd
nop nothing, we keep on going one directory deeper until we get seven directories deep and our payload becomes:
../../../../../../../etc/passwd
which returns the contents of passwd file as seen below:
This just means that we are currently working in a directory which is seven levels deep inside the root (/) directory. It also proves that our LFI is a success. We can also use php filters to get more and more information from the server. For example if we want to get the source code of the web server we can use php wrapper filter for that like this:
php://filter/convert.base64-encode/resource=index.php
We will get a base64 encoded string. Lets copy that base64 encoded string in a file and save it as index.php.b64 (name can be anything) and then decode it like this:
cat index.php.b64 | base64 -d > index.php
We will now be able to read the web application's source code. But you maybe thinking why didn't we simply try to get index.php file without using php filter. The reason is because if we try to get a php file with LFI, the php file will be executed by the php interpreter rather than displayed as a text file. As a workaround we first encode it as base64 which the interpreter won't interpret since it is not php and thus will display the text. Next we will try to get a shell. Before php version 5.2, allow_url_include setting was enabled by default however after version 5.2 it was disabled by default. Since the version of php on which our dvwa app is running on is 5.2+ we cannot use the older methods like input wrapper or RFI to get shell on dvwa unless we change the default settings (which I won't). We will use the file upload functionality to get shell. We will upload a reverse shell using the file upload functionality and then access that uploaded reverse shell via LFI.
Lets upload our reverse shell via File Upload functionality and then set up our netcat listener to listen for a connection coming from the server.
nc -lvnp 9999
Then using our LFI we will execute the uploaded reverse shell by accessing it using this url:
http://localhost:9000/vulnerabilities/fi/?page=../../hackable/uploads/revshell.php
Voila! We have a shell.
To learn more about File Upload Vulnerability and the reverse shell we have used here read Learning Web Pentesting With DVWA Part 5: Using File Upload to Get Shell. Attackers usually chain multiple vulnerabilities to get as much access as they can. This is a simple example of how multiple vulnerabilities (Unrestricted File Upload + LFI) can be used to scale up attacks. If you are interested in learning more about php wrappers then LFI CheetSheet is a good read and if you want to perform these attacks on the dvwa, then you'll have to enable allow_url_include setting by logging in to the dvwa server. That's it for today have fun.
Leave your questions and queries in the comments below.

References:

  1. FILE INCLUSION VULNERABILITIES: https://www.offensive-security.com/metasploit-unleashed/file-inclusion-vulnerabilities/
  2. php://: https://www.php.net/manual/en/wrappers.php.php
  3. LFI Cheat Sheet: https://highon.coffee/blog/lfi-cheat-sheet/
  4. File inclusion vulnerability: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_inclusion_vulnerability
  5. PHP 5.2.0 Release Announcement: https://www.php.net/releases/5_2_0.php


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