Rose & Marinaldo

Rose

PART II

Wirelurker for Windows (WinLurker)

Research: Palo Alto Claud Xiao: Wirelurker for Windows

Sample credit: Claud Xiao

PART I

Research: Palo Alto Claud Xiao WIRELURKER: A New Era in iOS and OS X Malware

Palo Alto |Claud Xiao - blog post Wirelurker

Wirelurker Detector https://github.com/PaloAltoNetworks-BD/WireLurkerDetector

Sample credit: Claud Xiao

Download

Download Part I
Download Part II

Email me if you need the password

List of files

List of hashes

Part II

s+«sìÜ 3.4.1.dmg 925cc497f207ec4dbcf8198a1b785dbd

apps.ipa 54d27da968c05d463ad3168285ec6097
WhatsAppMessenger 2.11.7.exe eca91fa7e7350a4d2880d341866adf35
使用说明.txt 3506a0c0199ed747b699ade765c0d0f8
libxml2.dll c86bebc3d50d7964378c15b27b1c2caa
libiconv-2_.dll 9c8170dc4a33631881120a467dc3e8f7
msvcr100.dll bf38660a9125935658cfa3e53fdc7d65
libz_.dll bd3d1f0a3eff8c4dd1e993f57185be75
mfc100u.dll f841f32ad816dbf130f10d86fab99b1a

zlib1.dll c7d4d685a0af2a09cbc21cb474358595

│ apps.ipa
│ σ╛«σìÜ 3.4.1.dmg
│
└───WhatsAppMessenger 2.11.7
libiconv-2_.dll
libxml2.dll
libz_.dll
mfc100u.dll
msvcr100.dll
WhatsAppMessenger 2.11.7.exe
zlib1.dll
使用说明.txt

Part I

BikeBaron 15e8728b410bfffde8d54651a6efd162
CleanApp c9841e34da270d94b35ae3f724160d5e
com.apple.MailServiceAgentHelper dca13b4ff64bcd6876c13bbb4a22f450
com.apple.appstore.PluginHelper c4264b9607a68de8b9bbbe30436f5f28
com.apple.appstore.plughelper.plist 94a933c449948514a3ce634663f9ccf8
com.apple.globalupdate.plist f92640bed6078075b508c9ffaa7f0a78
com.apple.globalupdate.plist f92640bed6078075b508c9ffaa7f0a78
com.apple.itunesupdate.plist 83317c311caa225b17ac14d3d504387d
com.apple.machook_damon.plist 6507f0c41663f6d08f497ab41893d8d9
com.apple.machook_damon.plist 6507f0c41663f6d08f497ab41893d8d9
com.apple.MailServiceAgentHelper.plist e6e6a7845b4e00806da7d5e264eed72b
com.apple.periodic-dd-mm-yy.plist bda470f4568dae8cb12344a346a181d9
com.apple.systemkeychain-helper.plist fd7b1215f03ed1221065ee4508d41de3
com.apple.watchproc.plist af772d9cca45a13ca323f90e7d874c2c
FontMap1.cfg 204b4836a9944d0f19d6df8af3c009d5
foundation 0ff51cd5fe0f88f02213d6612b007a45
globalupdate 9037cf29ed485dae11e22955724a00e7
globalupdate 9037cf29ed485dae11e22955724a00e7
itunesupdate a8dfbd54da805d3c52afc521ab7b354b
libcrypto.1.0.0.dylib 4c5384d667215098badb4e850890127b
libcrypto.1.0.0.dylib 3b533eeb80ee14191893e9a73c017445
libiconv.2.dylib 94f9882f5db1883e7295b44c440eb44c
libiconv.2.dylib fac8ef9dabdb92806ea9b1fde43ad746
libimobiledevice.4.dylib c596adb32c143430240abbf5aff02bc0
libimobiledevice.4.dylib 5b0412e19ec0af5ce375b8ab5a0bc5db
libiodb.dylib bc3aa0142fb15ea65de7833d65a70e36
liblzma.5.dylib 5bdfd2a20123e0893ef59bd813b24105
liblzma.5.dylib 9ebf9c0d25e418c8d0bed2a335aac8bf
libplist.2.dylib 903cbde833c91b197283698b2400fc9b
libplist.2.dylib 109a09389abef9a9388de08f7021b4cf
libssl.1.0.0.dylib 49b937c9ff30a68a0f663828be7ea704
libssl.1.0.0.dylib ab09435c0358b102a5d08f34aae3c244
libusbmuxd.2.dylib e8e0663c7c9d843e0030b15e59eb6f52
libusbmuxd.2.dylib 9efb552097cf4a408ea3bab4aa2bc957
libxml2.2.dylib 34f14463f28d11bd0299f0d7a3985718
libxml2.2.dylib 95506f9240efb416443fcd6d82a024b9
libz.1.dylib 28ef588ba7919f751ae40719cf5cffc6
libz.1.dylib f2b19c7a58e303f0a159a44d08c6df63
libzip.2.dylib 2a42736c8eae3a4915bced2c6df50397
machook 5b43df4fac4cac52412126a6c604853c
machook ecb429951985837513fdf854e49d0682
periodicdate aa6fe189baa355a65e6aafac1e765f41
pphelper 2b79534f22a89f73d4bb45848659b59b
sfbase.dylib bc3aa0142fb15ea65de7833d65a70e36

sfbase.dylib bc3aa0142fb15ea65de7833d65a70e36
sfbase_v4000.dylib 582fcd682f0f520e95af1d0713639864
sfbase_v4001.dylib e40de392c613cd2f9e1e93c6ffd05246
start e3a61139735301b866d8d109d715f102
start e3a61139735301b866d8d109d715f102
start.sh 3fa4e5fec53dfc9fc88ced651aa858c6
stty5.11.pl dea26a823839b1b3a810d5e731d76aa2
stty5.11.pl dea26a823839b1b3a810d5e731d76aa2
systemkeychain-helper e03402006332a6e17c36e569178d2097
watch.sh 358c48414219fdbbbbcff90c97295dff
WatchProc a72fdbacfd5be14631437d0ab21ff960
7b9e685e89b8c7e11f554b05cdd6819a 7b9e685e89b8c7e11f554b05cdd6819a
update 93658b52b0f538c4f3e17fdf3860778c
start.sh 9adfd4344092826ca39bbc441a9eb96f

File listing

├───databases

│ foundation

│

├───dropped

│ ├───version_A

│ │ │ com.apple.globalupdate.plist

│ │ │ com.apple.machook_damon.plist

│ │ │ globalupdate

│ │ │ machook

│ │ │ sfbase.dylib

│ │ │ watch.sh

│ │ │

│ │ ├───dylib

│ │ │ libcrypto.1.0.0.dylib

│ │ │ libiconv.2.dylib

│ │ │ libimobiledevice.4.dylib

│ │ │ liblzma.5.dylib

│ │ │ libplist.2.dylib

│ │ │ libssl.1.0.0.dylib

│ │ │ libusbmuxd.2.dylib

│ │ │ libxml2.2.dylib

│ │ │ libz.1.dylib

│ │ │

│ │ ├───log

│ │ └───update

│ ├───version_B

│ │ com.apple.globalupdate.plist

│ │ com.apple.itunesupdate.plist

│ │ com.apple.machook_damon.plist

│ │ com.apple.watchproc.plist

│ │ globalupdate

│ │ itunesupdate

│ │ machook

│ │ start

│ │ WatchProc

│ │

│ └───version_C

│ │ com.apple.appstore.plughelper.plist

│ │ com.apple.appstore.PluginHelper

│ │ com.apple.MailServiceAgentHelper

│ │ com.apple.MailServiceAgentHelper.plist

│ │ com.apple.periodic-dd-mm-yy.plist

│ │ com.apple.systemkeychain-helper.plist

│ │ periodicdate

│ │ stty5.11.pl

│ │ systemkeychain-helper

│ │

│ └───manpath.d

│ libcrypto.1.0.0.dylib

│ libiconv.2.dylib

│ libimobiledevice.4.dylib

│ libiodb.dylib

│ liblzma.5.dylib

│ libplist.2.dylib

│ libssl.1.0.0.dylib

│ libusbmuxd.2.dylib

│ libxml2.2.dylib

│ libz.1.dylib

│ libzip.2.dylib

│

├───iOS

│ sfbase.dylib

│ sfbase_v4000.dylib

│ sfbase_v4001.dylib

│ start

│ stty5.11.pl

│

├───IPAs

│ 7b9e685e89b8c7e11f554b05cdd6819a

│ pphelper

│

├───original

│ BikeBaron

│ CleanApp

│ FontMap1.cfg

│ start.sh

│

└───update

start.sh

update

More info

Rose

Introduction

Whenever security professionals recommend the 5 most important IT security practices to average users, one of the items is usually something like: "Avoid using open Wifi" or "Always use VPN while using open WiFi" or "Avoid sensitive websites (e.g. online banking) while using open WiFI", etc.

What I think about this? It is bullshit. But let's not jump to the conclusions. Let's analyze all risks and factors here.

During the following analysis, I made two assumptions. The first one is that we are comparing public WiFi hotspots with no encryption at all (referred to as Open), and we compare this to public WiFi hotspots with WPA2-PSK (and just hope WEP died years before). The other assumption is there are people who are security-aware, and those who just don't care. They just want to browse the web, access Facebook, write e-mails, etc.

The risks

Let's discuss the different threats people face using public hotspots, compared to home/work internet usage:

1. Where the website session data is not protected with SSL/TLS (and the cookie is not protected with secure flag), attackers on the same hotspot can obtain the session data and use it in session/login credentials stealing. Typical protocols affected:

HTTP sites
HTTPS sites but unsecured cookie
FTP without encryption
IMAP/SMTP/POP3 without SSL/TLS or STARTTLS

2. Attackers can inject extra data into the HTTP traffic, which can be used for exploits, or social engineer attacks (e.g. update Flash player with our malware) – see the Dark Hotel campaign

3. Attackers can use tools like SSLStrip to keep the user's traffic on clear text HTTP and steal password/session data/personal information

4. Attackers can monitor and track user activity

5. Attackers can directly attack the user's machine (e.g. SMB service)

WPA2-PSK security

So, why is a public WPA2-PSK WiFi safer than an open WiFi? Spoiler alert: it is not!

In a generic public WPA2-PSK scenario, all users share the same password. And guess what, the whole traffic can be decrypted with the following information: SSID + shared password + information from the 4-way handshake. https://wiki.wireshark.org/HowToDecrypt802.11

If you want to see it in action, here is a nice tutorial for you

http://www.lovemytool.com/blog/2010/05/wireshark-and-tshark-decrypt-sample-capture-file-by-joke-snelders.html

Decrypted WPA2-PSK traffic

Any user having access to the same WPA2-PSK network knows this information. So they can instantly decrypt your traffic. Or the attackers can just set up an access point with the same SSID, same password, and stronger signal. And now, the attacker can instantly launch active man-in-the-middle attacks. It is a common belief (even among ITSEC experts) that WPA2-PSK is not vulnerable to this attack. I am not sure why this vulnerability was left in the protocol, if you have the answer, let me know. Edit (2015-08-03): I think the key message here is that without server authentication (e.g. via PKI), it is not possible to solve this.

Let me link here one of my previous posts here with a great skiddie tool:

http://jumpespjump.blogspot.nl/2014/04/dsploit.html

To sum up, attackers on a WPA2-PSK network can:

Decrypt all HTTP/FTP/IMAP/SMTP/POP3 passwords or other sensitive information
Can launch active attacks like SSLStrip, or modify HTTP traffic to include exploit/social engineer attacks
Can monitor/track user activity

The only difference between open and WPA2-PSK networks is that an open network can be hacked with an attacker of the skill level of 1 from 10, while the WPA2-PSK network needs and an attacker with a skill level of 1.5. That is the difference.

The real solutions

1. Website owners, service providers should deploy proper (trusted) SSL/TLS infrastructure, protect session cookies, etc. Whenever a user (or security professional) notices a problem with the quality of the service (e.g. missing SSL/TLS), the service provider has to be notified. If no change is made, it is recommended to drop the service provider and choose a more secure one. Users have to use HTTPS Everywhere plugin.

2. Protect the device against exploits by patching the software on it, use a secure browser (Chrome, IE11 + enhanced protection), disable unnecessary plugins (Java, Flash, Silverlight), or at least use it via click-to-play. Also, the use of exploit mitigations tools (EMET, HitmanPro Alert, Malwarebytes AntiExploit) and a good internet security suite is a good idea.

3. Website owners have to deploy HSTS, and optionally include their site in an HSTS preload list

4. Don't click blindly on fake downloads (like fake Flash Player updates)

5. The benefits of a VPN is usually overestimated. A VPN provider is just another provider, like the hotspot provider, or the ISP. They can do the same malicious stuff (traffic injecting, traffic monitoring, user tracking). Especially when people use free VPNs. And "Average Joe" will choose a free VPN. Also, VPN connections tend to be disconnected, and almost none of the VPN providers provide fail secure VPNs. Also, for the price of a good VPN service you can buy a good data plan and use 4G/3G instead of low-quality public hotspots. But besides this, on mobile OSes (Android, iOS, etc.) I strongly recommend the use of VPN, because it is not practically feasible to know for users which app is using SSL/TLS and which is not.

6. Use a location-aware firewall, and whenever the network is not trusted, set it to a Public.

7. In a small-business/home environment, buy a WiFi router with guest WiFi access possibility, where the different passwords can be set to guest networks than used for the other.

Asking the question "Are you using open WiFi?", or "Do you do online banking on open WiFi?" are the wrong questions. The good questions are:

Do you trust the operator(s) of the network you are using?
Are the clients separated?
If clients are not separated, is it possible that there are people with malicious intent on the network?
Are you security-aware, and are you following the rules previously mentioned? If you do follow these rules, those will protect you on whatever network you are.

And call me an idiot, but I do online banking, e-shopping, and all the other sensitive stuff while I'm using open WiFi. And whenever I order pizza from an HTTP website, attackers can learn my address. Which is already in the phone book, on Facebook, and in every photo metadata I took with my smartphone about my cat and uploaded to the Internet (http://iknowwhereyourcatlives.com/).

Most articles and research publications are full of FUD about what people can learn from others. Maybe they are just outdated, maybe they are not. But it is totally safe to use Gmail on an open WiFi, no one will be able to read my e-mails.

PS: I know "Average Joe" won't find my blog post, won't start to read it, won't understand half I wrote. But even if they do, they won't patch their browser plugins, pay for a VPN, or check the session cookie. So they are doomed to fail. That's life. Deal with it.

Related links

Rose & Marinaldo

sábado, 29 de agosto de 2020

Wirelurker For OSX, iOS (Part I) And Windows (Part II) Samples

More info

Mythbusters: Is An Open (Unencrypted) WiFi More Dangerous Than A WPA2-PSK? Actually, It Is Not.

Introduction

The risks

WPA2-PSK security

The real solutions

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